Detailed Answer

Example answers can include:

• Language differences
• Different data formats
• Incompatible hardware/software

Detailed Answer

• Direct: new system replaces the old system in an immediate switchover.
• Parallel: both systems operate at the same time until the new one shows to be fully functional.
• Phased: the new system gradually replaces the old system until the new one is fully functional.
• Pilot: the new system is operated in one part of the organization before it is rolled out to the whole organization.

Detailed Answer

(a)

• Fixes Bugs/Errors: Updates can address and repair bugs or errors in the operating system, improving stability and performance.
• Adds New Features: New features can be introduced through updates, such as enhanced security measures, improved functionality, or better usability.
• Improves Compatibility: Updates can resolve compatibility issues, ensuring that the operating system works well with new hardware or software.

(b)

• Automatic Patches/Updates: Updates are sent and installed automatically via the internet, ensuring the system remains up-to-date without user intervention.
• User Requested Updates: Users can manually request updates via the internet, allowing them to choose when and how to apply new updates.
• Patches Sent on Physical Media: Updates are distributed on physical media such as CD/DVD or memory sticks, useful for systems with limited internet access.

Detailed Answer

(a) Stakeholders: Inventory staff/warehouse employees/management/customers/suppliers.

(b)

• Operational Inefficiencies: The system might not address specific inventory management needs, leading to inefficiencies in stock handling or order processing.
• User Frustration: The system may not be user-friendly or may require additional training, leading to frustration and decreased productivity among staff.
• Inaccurate Inventory Data: Without input from those managing inventory, the system might produce incorrect data, affecting stock levels and potentially leading to stockouts or overstock situations.

(c)

• Interviews with Staff: Conducting interviews with employees who handle inventory to understand their needs, pain points, and workflow requirements.
  • Purpose: To gather detailed information on current challenges and desired features for the new system.
• Surveys/Questionnaires: Distributing surveys to a broader group of employees and stakeholders to collect quantitative data on inventory management needs and preferences.
  • Purpose: To collect feedback from a larger sample to identify common requirements and expectations.

(d):

• Ensuring Requirements Are Met: Testing at each stage ensures that the system continues to meet user requirements and functions as intended, preventing the risk of delivering a final product that does not fulfill its purpose.
• Prevents Issues: Early detection of errors helps in addressing problems before they escalate, reducing the likelihood of major issues in the final system.

Detailed Answer

Examples: memory management, file management.

Detailed Answer

(a) A software library is a collection of pre-written code that provides common functions or features.

• Encapsulation: It allows developers to use the library’s functionalities without needing to understand its internal workings.
• Simplified Usage: Developers interact with a simplified interface provided by the library, hiding the complex implementation details.

(b)

• Accelerated Development Time: Working on multiple features simultaneously can speed up the overall development process, allowing the application to reach users more quickly.
• Increased Efficiency: Simultaneous development leads to more efficient use of time and resources, potentially improving overall productivity.
• Coordination Challenges: Managing concurrent feature development requires careful coordination to ensure integration and avoid conflicts, which can introduce complexities and require additional resources.

(c)

• Push Notifications: Users receive a notification on their mobile device about the update, prompting them to download and install the latest version of the application.
  • Purpose: To alert users directly and provide a convenient way to access updates.
• In-App Messages: The application displays a message when opened, informing users about the update and providing a link to download it.
  • Purpose: To notify users of updates while they are using the app, making it easy to update immediately.

Detailed Answer

Example answers can include:

• User efficiency
• Accuracy
• Improved user experience
• Ensure correct usage of the system

Detailed Answer

(a)

Focus groups allow for detailed discussions with a diverse set of users, which helps in gathering in-depth insights into user needs and preferences. This interactive format can uncover issues and generate ideas that might not emerge from individual surveys or interviews.

(b)

Focus groups can be affected by dominant participants who may influence the opinions of others, leading to biased feedback. Additionally, the findings may not be representative of the entire user base if the group is not sufficiently diverse or if participants are hesitant to voice their true opinions.

(c) Interviews

(d)

Improved User Feedback: Iterative prototyping enables continuous user feedback throughout the development process, leading to a design that better meets user needs and expectations.

Early Issue Detection: Creating and testing multiple prototypes helps identify and resolve issues early, reducing the risk of costly changes and ensuring a more stable final product.

(e)

Multiple iterations are needed because initial designs might reveal gaps or new requirements based on stakeholder feedback and evolving needs. Each iteration helps refine the design to ensure that the final product aligns well with user expectations and technical requirements, leading to a more effective and reliable system.

(f) Example answer can include:

• Identify and Fix Bugs: Testing helps identify and fix bugs or defects in the software. Bugs can cause unexpected behavior, crashes, or incorrect results.
• Improve Quality: Comprehensive testing improves the overall quality of the software by detecting and resolving potential problems.
• Make Sure All Functionality Works: Testing verifies that the software meets its functional requirements and performs as expected.

Detailed Answer

Answer can include:

Screen size/smaller screen: it is more difficult to accurately select the correct character on the keyboard

Close

Detailed Answer

(a)

• Need for Training: End users may lack knowledge or ability to use the new system, requiring extensive training to ensure effective use.
• Resistance to Changes: End users may resist changes, leading to potential turnover or lack of feedback, which can impact the system's success.

(b)

A legacy system is an outdated computer system or software that is still in use. It may still meet the needs it was originally designed for but cannot be updated, lacks support, and is incompatible with more advanced solutions.

(c)

Data Loss: During data migration, there is a risk of data being accidentally deleted, corrupted, or incompletely transferred. This can lead to financial risks, productivity setbacks, and reputation damage for the organization.

(d)

Speed of Implementation: Direct changeover is quicker to implement compared to parallel running, as it does not require maintaining two systems simultaneously. This can reduce operational disruptions and associated costs.

(e)

Formal classes, self-learning, remote training

(f)

Example of formal classes:

• Advantages: Direct interaction with trainers allows immediate feedback and clarification. It avoids technology issues and ensures comprehensive coverage of the training material.
• Disadvantages: It involves higher costs due to expenses associated with in-person training sessions. It is also time-intensive, requiring end users to take time away from their work duties.

Detailed Answer

Answer can include:

• Maintaining older computer systems that rely on outdated technology and software.
• These systems are often difficult to modify or update due to disorganized code or incomplete, missing, or unreliable documentation.
• Compatibility challenges may arise, particularly with legacy programming languages or outdated database technologies.
• Continuing to maintain but not upgrade the old system can result in compatibility and security vulnerabilities.
• Finding staff or programmers with expertise in older languages or operating systems can be challenging.
• Typically, they are large, complex systems that may operate on mainframes.

Detailed Answer

• This refers to the process of testing an application or program to gather feedback on errors or potential improvements.
• It involves releasing the software to the general public, users, or stakeholders before the final version is launched.

Detailed Answer

Answer can include:

• A programming language should have a fixed vocabulary to ensure clarity and avoid ambiguity.
• It must maintain a consistent grammar and syntax throughout the code.
• The language needs to be executable on a computer, meaning it requires a compiler or interpreter to process the code.
• The language should provide mechanisms to define basic data types and allow operations on those types, including the ability to write functions or procedures.
• The language must include loop structures, conditional statements, and branching capabilities (both conditional and unconditional).
• There should be support for variables that can reference memory locations, along with syntax for basic arithmetic and logical operations on these variables.

Detailed Answer

(a)

A peripheral is an external device that is connected to a computer, such as a mouse or a keyboard.

(b)

It gives stakeholders an initial idea of what the system looks like and how it works so that they can provide useful feedback.

(c)

• Interviews can be held with company's management or executives (or other users) to establish the required functions.
• Direct observation can be made of the current system.

Detailed Answer

(a)

• Natural disasters
• Human errors
• Hacker attacks or any other malicious activity

(b)

• An internet backup service can automatically back up all important data files to a remote server accessible and manageable over the internet.
• A remote file server can be configured to allow the uploading of all important data files for secure storage.
• Copies of critical data files can be stored on two separate hardware devices, located in different physical locations for added security.

Detailed Answer

• Technical documentation provides instructions on how to install the software.
• It also outlines the necessary hardware configuration and operating system requirements needed to install the software.

Detailed Answer

• No additional costs are incurred for running two systems or for extra salaries, as there's no need to increase the number of employees.
• The benefits of the new system can be realized immediately because it is an improvement over the old one.
• If there is a bug in the new system, there won't be a backup system to rely on, which could be potentially disastrous for the company.
• Employees must be ready to use the new system immediately, either without training or with training that was provided beforehand, but not on the system itself.

Detailed Answer

(a)

• Direct observation provides a deeper understanding of how the computer system is actually used.
• It allows the current computer system to be studied in its natural environment.
• Direct observation is a systematic and structured process.

(b)

• Direct observation is prone to observer bias.
• Direct observation is a time-consuming method.
• It can influence the behavior of the users or processes being observed.