Polarity, hydrogen bonding, cohesion, adhesion, [universal] solvent, specific heat.
Nucleotide, phosphate‑sugar backbone, base pairing (A–T/U, C–G), antiparallel, double helix.
Abiogenesis, endosymbiosis, binary fission
Prokaryote, eukaryote, organelles, structure.
Lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle, replication, host specificity
Species, variation, genome, karyotype, binomial nomenclature
Taxonomy, cladogram, phylogeny, monophyly
natural selection, reproductive isolation, adaptive radiation
Diversity, endemic vs. invasive species, conservation strategies, EDGE program
Monosaccharide, glycosidic bond, triglyceride, phospholipid
Amino acid, peptide bond, structure levels, denaturation
Fluid mosaic, diffusion, osmosis, active transport, facilitated diffusion
Compartmentalization, organelles, rER vs. sER, golgi
Stem cell potency, SA:V ratio, adaptations
Gas exchange, lung volume, Bohr shift,, alveoli, diffusion gradient
Heart, capillary, transpiration, stems, roots, translocation
sarcomere, actin-myosin, muscle contraction, joints, sliding filament model
Biome, abiotic, physiological/anatomical/behavioral adaptation
Niches, competition, photosynthesis, nutrition, adaptations
Activation energy, catalyst, inhibition (competitive/non)
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, ATP
Photolysis, light-dependent, Calvin cycle, chromatography
Hormone, receptor, signal transduction, G protein
Neuron, action potential, synapse, neurotransmitter, pain
CNS, endocrine system, feedback mechanisms, circadian rhythm
Antigen, antibody, B/T lymphocyte, vaccination, pathogen, HIV
Population dynamics, chi-squared testing, species, competition
Food web, trophic level, energy transfer, carbon fixation, autotrophs vs. heterotrophs
Semiconservative model, helicase, DNA polymerase, Okazaki fragments.
Transcription, translation, introns, exons, codon, anti-codon.
Point base mutation, CRISPR, genetic variations.
Mitosis, meiosis, trisomy-21, tumor, cyclins, homologous chromosomes.
Operon, epigenetics, gene regulation, promoter, epegenetics
Solute potential, osmosis, contractile vacuoles.
Sexual vs. asexual, gametogenesis, fertilization.
Allele, genotype, phenotype, punnet squares, PKU, pedigree.
Homeostasis, negative vs. positive feedback, osmoregulation, thermoregulation, excretion.
Variation, heritable traits, fitness, adaptation, selective pressure.
Succession, equilibrium, eutrophication, sustainability.
Global warming, greenhouse effect, anthropogenic impact, mitigation.